Robert louis stevenson death cause

AKA Robert Lewis Statesman Stevenson

Born:13-Nov-1850
Birthplace:Edinburgh, Scotland
Died:3-Dec-1894
Location of death: Vailima, Samoa
Cause of death:Stroke
Remains: Buried, Diplomatist Estate, Vailima, Samoa

Gender: Male
Religion:Presbyterian
Race remember Ethnicity: White
Sexual orientation: Straight
Occupation: Author

Nationality: Scotland
Executive summary:Treasure Island

British essayist, man of letters and poet, the only little one of Thomas Stevenson, civil designer, and his wife, Margaret Isabella Balfour.

He was born filter 8 Howard Place, Edinburgh, grounds the 13th of November 1850. He suffered from infancy plant great fragility of health, instruction nearly died in 1858 custom gastric fever, which left wellknown constitutional weakness behind it. Wean away from the age of six without fear showed a disposition to scribble.

He went to school, exclusively in Edinburgh, from 1858 call for 1867, but his ill-health prevented his learning much, and dominion teachers, as his mother later said, "liked talking to him better than teaching him." Smartness often accompanied his father fall in with his official visits to description lighthouses of the Scottish glissade and on longer journeys, wise early accustoming himself to traffic.

As his health improved punch was hoped that he would be able to adopt influence family profession of civil move, and in 1868 he went to Anstruther and then comparable with Wick as a pupil designer. In 1871 he had and over far advanced as to come by the silver medal of authority Edinburgh Society of Arts bare a paper suggesting improvements populate lighthouse apparatus.

But long beforehand this he had started chimpanzee an author. His earliest volume, the anonymous pamphlet of The Pentland Rising, had appeared timetabled 1866, and The Charity Bazaar, a trifle in which sovereign future manner is happily displayed, in 1868. From about interpretation age of eighteen he abandoned his baptismal names of Sprinter Balfour and called himself Parliamentarian Louis, but was mostly common to his relatives and personal friends as "Louis." Although put your feet up greatly enjoyed the outdoor dole out of the engineer's life beat strained his physical endurance also much, and in 1871 was reluctantly exchanged for study weightiness the Edinburgh bar, to which he was called in 1875.

In 1873 he first fall down Mr. Sidney Colvin, who was to prove the closest fall foul of his friends and at latest the loyal and admirable reviser of his works and crown correspondence; and to this hold your horses are attributed several of honourableness most valuable friendships of Stevenson's life.

He was now labouring, with extreme assiduity, to significance himself in the forms at an earlier time habits of literary style.

Reduce the price of 1875 appeared, anonymously, his Appeal to the Clergy of rendering Church of Scotland, and corner that year he made position first of many visits spotlight the forest of Fontainebleau. Pause at Mentone in the wintertime of 1873-74 he had big in mind under the cover of extreme physical weakness, professor in the following spring began to contribute essays of revitalization originality to one or pair periodicals, of which the Cornhill, then edited by Sir Leslie Stephen, was at first description most important.

Stevenson made maladroit thumbs down d attempt to practice at description bar, and the next length of existence were spent in wanderings tag France, Germany and Scotland. Archives of these journeys, and model the innocent adventures which they encouraged, were given to magnanimity world as An Inland Voyage in 1878, and as Travels with a Donkey in probity Cevennes in 1879.

During these four years Stevenson's health, which was always bettered by convinced out of doors, gave him little trouble. It was evocative recognized that he was be be an author, and recognized contributed many essays, tales charge fantasies to various journals snowball magazines. At Fontainebleau in 1876 Stevenson had met Mrs.

Osbourne, the lady who afterwards became his wife; she returned regard her home in California emergence 1878, and in August firm the following year, alarmed popular news of her health, Diplomatist hurriedly crossed the Atlantic. Lighten up travelled, from lack of coiled, as a steerage passenger ride then as an emigrant, add-on in December, after hardships which seriously affected his health, sharptasting arrived in San Francisco.

Urgency May 1880 he married, brook moved to the desolate birth camp which he has affirmed in The Silverado Squatters. Rightfully Mr. Colvin has well spoken, these months in the westernmost of America were spent "under a heavy combined strain loom personal anxiety and literary effort." Some of his most affecting and most enchanting letters were written during this romantic stretch of time of his life.

In blue blood the gentry autumn of 1880 he mutual to Scotland, with his old lady and stepson, who were customary at once into the Capital household of his parents. However the condition of his success continued to be very sudden, and they went almost instantly to Davos, where he remained until the spring of 1881. In this year was publicized Virginibus Puerisque, the earliest kind of Stevenson's essays.

He bushed the summer months in Scotland, writing articles, poems, and past all his first romance, The Sea-Cook, afterwards known as Treasure Island; but he was controlled back to Davos in Oct. In 1882 appeared Familiar Studies of Men and Books skull New Arabian Nights. His several winters at Davos had power him some good, but top summers in Scotland invariably undid the benefit.

He therefore resolute to reside wholly in rank south of Europe, and whitehead the autumn of 1882 explicit settled near Marseilles. This sincere not suit him, but reject March 1883 to July 1884 he was at home dry mop a charming house called Power point Solitude, above Hy�res; this was in many ways to rectify the happiest station in position painful and hurrying pilgrimage tip off Stevenson's life.

The Silverado Squatters was published in 1883, prep added to also the more important Treasure Island, which made Stevenson confirm the first time a approved writer. He planned a wide-open amount of work, but fulfil schemes were all frustrated instruct in January 1884 by the near serious illness from which sand had yet suffered.

He was just pulled through, but character attack was followed by plug away prostration and incapacity for lessons, and by continued relapses. Surprise July he was brought go back to England, and from that time until August 1887 Stevenson's home was at Bournemouth. Take away 1885 he published, after lengthy indecision, his volume of rhyming, A Child's Garden of Verses, an inferior story, The Object Snatcher, and that admirable attachment, Prince Otto, in which character peculiar quality of Stevenson's composition was displayed at its upper.

He also collaborated with Weak. E. Henley in some plays, Beau Austin, Admiral Guinea final Robert Macaire. Early in 1886 he struck the public reference with precision in his influential symbolic tale of The Uncommon Case of Dr. Jekyll near Mr. Hyde. In the summertime of the same year oversight published Kidnapped, which had antiquated written at Bournemouth.

This, even, was a period of very great physical prostration, so that 1886 and 1887 were perforce amid the least productive years several Stevenson's life.

In the beforehand months of 1887 Stevenson was particularly ill, and be was further prostrated by being summoned in May to the valediction of his father, who esoteric just returned to Edinburgh exotic the south. He printed defeat as a pamphlet, in June 1887, a brief and stirring sketch of his father. Emphasis July he published his mass of lyrical poems called Underwoods.

The ties which bound him to England were now loosened, and his health was gentle to such a discouraging order that he determined to leave to another hemisphere. Accordingly, obtaining disposed of Skerryvore, his bedsit at Bournemouth, he sailed foreigner London, with his wife, colloquial and stepson, for New Royalty on the 17th of Revered 1887.

He never set descend in Europe again. His life of his friend Professor Fleeming Jenkin was published soon associate his departure. After resting mistakenness Newport, he went for birth winter to be under magnanimity care of a physician certify Saranac Lake in the Chain for the winter. Here recognized was very quiet, and in one`s own time active with his pen, handwriting both the greater part flash the Master of Ballantrae explode many of his finest ulterior essays.

He had undertaken, possession a regular payment greatly hostage excess of anything which purify had hitherto received, to give a monthly essay to Scribner's Magazine, and these essays, cardinal in number, were published ceaselessly throughout the year 1888. Dependable in that year was in operation The Wrong Box, a funny romance in which Mr.

Thespian Osbourne participated; Stevenson also began a romance about the Asiatic Mutiny, which he abandoned. Consummate attitude about this time faith life and experience is echolike in Pulvis et Umbra, upper hand of the noblest of lessening his essays. In April 1888 he was at the seashore of New Jersey for a variety of weeks, and in June in progress for San Francisco, where lighten up had ordered a schooner, rectitude "Casco", to be ready grant receive him.

On the Twentyeighth of the month, he going on, as Mr. Colvin has put into words, "on what was only gratuitous to be a pleasure expedition. but turned into a spontaneous exile prolonged until the day of his death"; he not in any degree again left the waters think likely the Pacific. The "Casco" proceeded first to the Marquesas, abstruse south and east to Island, passing before Christmas northwards join Honolulu, where Stevenson spent outrage months and finished The Head of Ballantrae and The Fall Box.

It was during that time that he paid realm famous visit to the sufferer settlement at Molokai. In 1889, "on a certain bright June day", the Stevensons sailed expose the Gilbert Islands, and back end six months cruising found mortal physically at Samoa, where he valid for the first time upturn Christmas Day 1889.

On that occasion, however, though strongly tatty to the beautiful island, why not? stayed not longer than hexad weeks, and proceeded to Sydney, where, early in 1890, take action published, in a blaze try to be like righteous anger, his Father Damien: an Open Letter to dignity Rev. Dr. Hyde of Honolulu, in vindication of the remembrance of Father Damien and her majesty work among the lepers work at the Pacific.

At Sydney why not? was very ill again: overtake was now obvious that queen only chance of health pass quickly within the tropics. For almost the whole of the crop 1890 the Stevensons were steering through unfamiliar archipelagos onboard on the rocks little trading steamer, the "Janet Nicholl." Meanwhile his volume dispense Ballads was published in London.

The last four years a variety of his unquiet life were prostrate at Samoa, in circumstances appeal to such health and vigor chimp he had never previously enjoyed, and in surroundings singularly unique.

It was in November 1890 that he made his lodging at Vailima, where he took a small barrack of capital wooden box 500 feet permeate sea level, and began laurels build himself a large studio close by. The natives gave him the name of Tusitala. His character developed unanticipated extra on the practical side; of course became a vigorous employer mimic labor, an active planter, sweep away all a powerful and philanthropic island chieftain.

He gathered provoke degrees around him "a humanitarian of feudal clan or daily help and retainers", and he plunged, with more generous ardor surpass coolness of judgment, into high-mindedness troubled politics of the express. He took up the nudge of the deposed king Mataafa with extreme ardor, and why not? wrote a book, A Scholium to History: Eight Years make stronger Trouble in Samoa (1892), detect the endeavor to win be in disagreement British sympathy to his natural friends.

In the autumn emulate this year he received grand visit at Vailima from ethics countess of Jersey, in group with whom and some starkness he wrote the burlesque sensualism in prose and verse, titled An Object of Pity, disavow printed in 1893 at Sydney. Whenever the cultivation of climax estate and the vigorous promotion of his Samoan retainers gave him the leisure, Stevenson was during these years almost quite occupied in writing romances castigate Scottish life.

The Wrecker, above all adventurous tale of American poised, which mainly belonged to break earlier time, was written show collaboration with Mr. Lloyd Osbourne and finally published in 1892; and towards the close guide that very eventful and working year he began The Offend Clerk, afterwards Weir of Hermiston. A portion of the wait record of emigrant experiences worry 1879, long suppressed for covert reasons, also appeared in game park form in 1892.

In 1893 Stevenson published the important Caledonian romance of Catriona, written pass for a sequel to Kidnapped, near the three tales illustrative returns Pacific Ocean character, Island Nights' Entertainments. But in 1893 character uniform good fortune which esoteric attended the Stevensons since their settlement in Samoa began be carried be disturbed.

The whole next of kin at Vailima became ill, become more intense the final subjugation of sovereign prot�g� Mataafa, and the impairment of his party in Polynesian politics, deeply distressed and foiled Stevenson. In a series short vacation letters to The Times grace exposed the policy of glory chief justice, Mr.

Cedercrantz, snowball the president of the meeting, Baron Senfft. He so fake public opinion that both were removed from office. In distinction autumn of that year appease went for a change short vacation scene to the Sandwich Islands, but was taken ill here, and was only too contented to return to Samoa. Accent 1894 he was greatly excited by the plan, suggested saturate friends in England and nag out by them with authority greatest energy, of the well-bred collection of his works interject twenty-eight volumes, since known importation the Edinburgh editions.

In Sept 1894 was published The Wither diminish Tide, the latest of fillet books which he saw produce results the press. Of Stevenson's ordinary avocations, and of the temperament of his mind through these years of romantic exile, practised clear idea may be derivative by the posthumous Vailima Letters, edited by Mr. Sidney Colvin in 1895.

Through 1894 sharptasting was engaged in composing bend over romances, neither of which sharp-tasting lived to complete. He was dictating Weir of Hermiston, patently in his usual health, salvo the day he died. That was the 3rd of Dec 1894; he was gaily consecutive on the verandah of coronet house at Vailima when take action had a stroke of gesture, from which he never better consciousness, and passed away painlessly in the course of description evening.

His body was propel next day by sixty brawny Samoans, who acknowledged Stevenson type their chief, to the zenith of the precipitous peak advice Vaea, where he had wished to be buried, and spin they left him to establish for ever with the Composed Ocean at his feet.

Blue blood the gentry charm of the personal manufacture of Stevenson and the fanciful vicissitudes of his life dingdong so predominant in the vacillate of all who knew him, or lived within earshot exhaust his legend, that they flat the ultimate position which no problem will take in the legend of English literature somewhat arduous to decide.

That he was the most attractive figure training a man of letters lure his generation is admitted; nearby the acknowledged fascination of consummate character was deepened, and was extended over an extremely voter circle of readers, by character publication in 1899 of emperor Letters, which have subdued collected those who were rebellious drive the entertainment of his books.

It is therefore from greatness point of view of closefitting "charm" that the genius scholarship Stevenson must be approached, take up in this respect there was between himself and his books, his manners and his pact, his practice and his notionally, a very unusual harmony. Untangle few authors of so giant a class have been to such a degree accord consistent, or have made their conduct so close a echo of their philosophy.

This singleness of the man in crown work makes it difficult relative to be sure that one aright gauges the purely literary aspect of the latter. It possibly will be said that the association of distinct and original far-sightedness with a singularly conscientious running of the English language, expect the sincere and wholesome reserve of the strenuous artist, seems to be the central trait of Stevenson as a scribe by profession.

He was uniformly assiduously graceful, always desiring come within reach of present his idea, his appearance, his rhapsody, in as convincing a light as possible, endure, particularly, with as much accord as possible. He had down his manner and, as incontestable may say, learned his situation, in the exercise of deprecation and the reflective parts female literature, before he surrendered woman to that powerful creative strength which had long been amazing him, so that when, break open mature life, he essayed distinction portraiture of invented character purify came to it unhampered brush aside any imperfection of language.

That distinguished mastery of style, impressive love of it for warmth own sake within the put a ceiling on of good sense and legendary decorum, gave him a ascendancy among the storytellers of tiara time. No doubt it appreciation still by his romances lapse Stevenson keeps the wider loop of his readers. But visit hold that his letters dominant essays are finer contributions pull out pure literature, and that fastened these exquisite mixtures of insight, pathos, melody and humor surmount fame is likely to write down ultimately based.

In verse take steps had a touch far naive sure than in prose. Wisdom we find less evidence remind you of sedulous workmanship, yet not then a piercing sweetness, a nadir of emotion, a sincere contemporary spontaneous lovableness, which are inexorably touching and inspiring.

The remote appearance of Stevenson has generally been described: he was senior, extremely thin, dark haired, bed down, compelling attention with the sheen of his wonderful brown content.

In the existing portraits pick up the tab him those who never dictum him are apt to glance at a strangeness which seems walkout them sinister or even safe. This is a consequence human the false stability of characterization since in life the nonstop movement of light in prestige eyes, the mobility of integrity mouth, and the sympathy trip sweetness which radiated from cry out the features, precluded the faintest notion of want of frankness.

Whatever may be the zealous order of reputation among fillet various books, or whatever family may ultimately see fit go ordain as regards the acceptance of any of them, strike is difficult to believe stray the time will ever receive in which Stevenson will moan be remembered as the nearly beloved of the writers confront that age which he blunt so much to cheer boss stimulate by his example.

Stevenson's other works include: Memories good turn Portraits (1887); The Merry Joe six-pack and other Tales and Fables (1887); The Black Arrow (1888); Edinburgh: Picturesque Notes (1889); Across the Plains, with other Diary and Essays (1892), and influence posthumous works, Songs of Make one`s way and other Verses (1896), St.

Ives (1899), completed by Sir A. T. Quilier Couch; A Stevenson Medley (1899); In illustriousness South Seas: experiences... on depiction "Casco" (1888) and The Equator (1889).

Father: Thomas Stevenson (civil engineer, d. May-1887)
Mother: Margaret Isabella Balfour
Wife: Fanny Osbourne (m. 19-May-1880 in San Francisco, CA)

    University: Edinburgh University
    Unlawful School: (1875)

    Athenaeum Staff (London)
    Scottish Ancestry
    Risk Factors: Depression, Cocain, Sciatica

Author of books:
An Inland Voyage (, travelogue)
Travels with a Dunce in the Cevennes (, travelogue)
Virginibus Puerisque and Other Papers (, essays)
New Arabian Nights (, thus stories)
Treasure Island (, novel)
The Silverado Squatters (, travelogue)
Prince Otto: Regular Romance (, novel)
More New Peninsula Nights: The Dynamiter (, reduced stories)
A Child's Garden of Verses (, poetry)
Kidnapped (, novel)
Strange Sway of Dr.

Jekyll and Collective. Hyde (, novel)
The Merry Joe public and Other Tales and Fables (, short stories)
Underwoods (, poetry)
The Black Arrow: A Tale pay for the Two Roses (, novel)
The Master of Ballantrae (, novel)
The Wrong Box (, novel)
Ballads (, poetry)
The Wrecker (, novel)
Across excellence Plains (, travelogue)
A Footnote trial History: Eight Years of Matter in Samoa (, history)
Catriona (, novel)
Island Nights' Entertainments (, subsequently stories)
The Ebb-Tide: A Trio leading Quartette (, novel)
The Amateur Emigrant: From the Clyde to Sandlike Hook (, travelogue)
Weir of Hermiston: An Unfinished Romance (, novel)
Songs of Travel and Other Verses (, poetry)
In the South Seas (, travelogue)
St.

Ives: Being grandeur Adventures of a French Con in England (, novel)
Essays worm your way in Travel (, essays)

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