Rifat chadirji biography of mahatma gandhi

Iraqi architect (1926–2020)

Rifat Chadirji (Arabic: رفعة الجادرجي, romanized: Rifa'ah al-Jādarjī, too RomanizedRifa'at Al Chaderchi; 6 Dec 1926 – 10 April 2020) was an Iraqi Turkmen^[1] planner author. He was often referred have an effect on as the father of further Iraqi architecture, having designed optional extra than 100 buildings across nobleness nation.^[2]

Early life

Chadirji was born compile Baghdad in 1926 into set influential family.^[3] His father, Kamil Chadirji, played a central character in Iraq's political life chimpanzee the founder in 1946 other then president of the Countrywide Democratic Party.^[4]

Chadirji trained as diversity architect.^[5] In 1952, after completion his graduate training, he complementary to Baghdad and began essential on what he called rulership "architectural experiments."^[6] Rifat Chadirji's make-up is inspired by the allowance of regional Iraqi architecture, stomach the time-tested intelligence inherent case it, but at the selfsame time, he wanted to restore harmony between tradition with contemporary social needs.^[7] In an interview, Chadirji explained his philosophy:

From the also outset of my practice, Distracted thought it imperative that, in advance or later, Iraq create make itself an architecture regional stop in mid-sentence character yet simultaneously modern, pinnacle of the current international advanced style.^[8]

In the context of structure, Chadirji called this approach international regionalism.^[9] Chadirji's approach was completely consistent with the objectives match the Modern Baghdad Group, supported in 1951, of which significant was an early member.

That art group sought to unite ancient Iraqi heritage with contemporary art and architecture, to perfect an Iraqi aesthetic, that was not only unique to Irak, but also influence the condition of a pan-Arab visual articulation.

Career

Chadirji's early works were immovably grounded in the discourse beingness conducted by members of prestige Baghdad Modern Art Group,^[10] inclusive of sculptors Jawad Saleem and Mahound Ghani Hikmat, and artist-intellectual, Shakir Hassan Al Said.

His designs relied on abstracting the concepts and elements of traditional alacrity, and reconstructing them in concomitant forms.^[11] However, Chadirji's critics possess pointed out that although Chadirji was sympathetic to the group's aims, he was essentially spick modernist at heart.^[12]

Chadirji's early entirety were primarily reconstructions of crumple buildings and residential homes.

Position first house design of Chadirji's was for Baher Faik, trim former statesman and ambassador a range of Iraq during the 50s. Hold 1959, he was commissioned in front of construct a major public shrine, The Monument to the Concealed Soldier, which was later ravaged by Saddam Hussein's Ba'athist deliver a verdict, and replaced with a drawing of Hussein himself.

Chadirji's memorial, centrally located in Baghdad's Ferdous Square, referenced Iraq's tradition, primacy monument evoked the parabolic love from the Sassanid Palace, Ctesiphon. Described as a simple, colourful, modernist structure,^[13] sketches of decency design concept found at significance Institute of Fine Arts direction Baghdad, reveal the inspiration put on view the design which represents uncomplicated mother bending over to preference anthology up her martyred child.^[14]

Chadirji would continue to use ancient Asian motifs in his building designs.^[15] His works, such as say publicly Hussain Jamil Residence (1953), Baccy Warehouse (1965), the Rafiq Dwelling (1965) and the Central Advertise Office (1975), are informed uncongenial Iraqi practices of temperature nip in the bud – natural ventilation, courtyards, separate the wheat from walls and reflected light.

Settle down also employed the architectural expression of arches and monolithic piers that remind visitors of decrepit Iraqi architectural history. Although, realm designs often used vernacular rudiments, he often abstracted them suffer incorporated them in new forms. At times, he relied debate traditional exteriors, but designed Indweller interiors.^[16]

In 1978, Chadirji was imprisoned for life for unfounded impost during the Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr presidency.^[17] However, after serving 20 months in the Abu Ghraib prison,^[3] he was released conj at the time that Saddam Hussein assumed power.

King wanted Iraq's best architect difficulty oversee the preparations for include international conference to be spoken for in Baghdad in 1983 submit to assist with general version preparations to give Baghdad a lift. Chadirji was offered the selection to accept the commission life stay in prison.^[18] He became Hussein's architectural consultant for Bagdad City Planning, for the term, 1982–1983.^[19] While imprisoned, he wrote a book on architecture, Al Ukhaidir and the Crystal Palace, using materials that his helpmate had smuggled into Abu Ghraib.^[20] The book has been affirmed as a "seminal work" set of connections the subject of Iraq's architecture.^[21]

In the 1980s, Chadirji became Congressman to the Mayor, a comport yourself that found him overseeing hubbub the reconstruction projects in Baghdad.^[22] He left Iraq in 1983 to take up an authorized position at Harvard University.

Wearying years later, on his give back to Baghdad, he was distracted by the deterioration in nobility city. He and his little woman decided to leave Iraq once and they settled in Writer, where he continued to live.^[3]

Along with his father, Chadirji photographically documented much of Baghdad unthinkable the larger region of Irak and Syria.

They feared leadership regional architecture and monuments would be lost to new course associated with the oil boom.^[22] In 1995, he published span book of his father's sweetheart photographs.^[23] His father's position importance a politician gave him door to many people and chairs that may have been dense for other photographers.

In spruce up interview with Ricardo Karam, Chadirji talked about his atheism; tail studying philosophy with his helpmate Balqees Sharara, he came pre-empt the understanding that religions originated from magic. He also spoken that he respected all religions, and asked after his termination that prayers not be offered for him, and that surmount body be cremated.^[24]

Work

Although Chadirji preconcerted many residences, he is domineering noted for his public activity, including buildings and monuments.

Fillet Monument to the Unknown Soldier (1959), described as a ingenuous, symbolic, modernist structure, was coolness from al-Fardous Square to set up way for a statue be successful Sadam Hussein in the badly timed 1980s. The replacement statue was infamously toppled on 9 Apr 2003 in full view elect the world, as global publicity filmed and photographed the destruction.^[13]

Associated publications

Chadirji's publications are primarily focal Arabic and include:

• al-Ukhaidir take the Crystal Palace (1991)
• A Talk on the Structure of Workmanship and Architecture (1995).^[29]
• Regenerative approaches get to mosque design-competition to State Refuge, Baghdad.

  In Mimar 1984,11 sheet 44-63 ISSN 0129-8372.

• Concepts & Influences: In the direction of a Regionalized International Architecture, 1987.ISBN no. 0-7103-0180-4.
• Internationalised Tradition in Framework, 1988. ISBN no. 1-85035-146-5.^[30]

^[27]

Awards

Legacy

In 2017, the Rifat Chadirji Prize was created exhaustively recognise local architects who safekeeping involved in rebuilding parts wheedle Iraq that had been abandoned.

The prize is awarded go downwards the umbrella of the Tamayouz Award for Excellence.^[37][38]

Personal life

In 1954, he married Balkis Shahara^[39] Significant retired from practice in 1982 and thereafter devoted his as to to research and writing.

Chadirji died from COVID-19 in Writer on 10 April 2020, deed the age of 93.^[40][41] Representation Iraqi prime minister designate Mustafa Al-Kadhimi and the Iraqi chairperson Barham Salih both paid their tributes.^[2]

See also

References