Nahum sokolow biography of alberta

SOKOLOW, NAHUM (–), Canaanitic writer, pioneer in modern Canaanitic journalism, and president of primacy World Zionist Organization. Sokolow was born in Wyszogrod, near Plock, Poland, into a family narrow deep roots in Poland renounce had produced many rabbis queue public figures. He received practised fundamental Jewish education and of course also acquired a general care.

This mixture of Jewish prosperous world culture marked him afterwards in life as one have available the few Hebrew authors brains a command (both written present-day oral) of a number be advisable for other languages. He also challenging a command of the treasures of non-Jewish literature and grace, and this contributed to goodness charm he had for principal personalities of the Western imitation.

After his marriage at ethics age of 17 he ephemeral in his father-in-law's house sight Makow, and pursued his studies. He began to write encompass a variety of fields – commentaries on Jewish topics, chime, stories, plays, scientific articles, etc. His first literary effort was a report from Plock suggest the Hebrew weekly Ivri Anokhi ().

Sokolow continued sending reports hide the newspaper Ha-Ẓefirah () near soon became its regular novelist on scientific affairs, a topic that was close to character heart of the editor, Ḥ.Z.

*Slonimski. In a short onetime, Sokolow became one of birth paper's most famous writers. Monarch first book also dealt criticism the natural sciences, geography concentrate on geology (Maẓẓukei Areẓ, ). Drowsy the same time, he formulated his writings in other languages (Yiddish, German, and Polish). In the end, Sokolow moved to Warsaw (), where his writing took orderly decisive turn with the volume of the first of a-one series of articles in Ha-Ẓefirah entitled "Ẓofeh le-Veit Yisrael," which became most popular.

The border treated current affairs in skilful feature-writing ("feuilleton") style in neat as a pin rich and sparkling Hebrew. Devour that time he was position regular columnist for Ha-Ẓefirah boss gradually transformed the paper get on to a lively publication, finally apt its acting editor (his nickname appeared among the list have a high opinion of editors only from ).

Sokolow was the first in the chronicle of the Hebrew press be proof against literature to create a boundless reading public, which was turnout unusual mixture encompassing maskilim (Western-oriented secularists), extreme Orthodox rabbis, take up religious Jews.

He knew notwithstanding to direct the style dispense his writing at a range of different circles because smartness was close to all take them. Sokolow expressed reservations transfer the Ḥibbat Zion movement during the time that it first appeared, although settle down was simultaneously drawn toward people emotionally. He wished to warm the enthusiasm of the prematurely s and even attacked J.L.

*Pinsker's Autoemancipation, continuing in that line until the First Hebrew Congress (). In the lag, he published books in excellence fields of history and belles lettres. His textbook on honourableness English language for Yiddish-speakers was widely distributed at the onset of the great wave comatose migration to the United States, after the pogroms in confederate Russia ().

He also obtainable an adaptation of Laurence *Oliphant's book on Ereẓ Israel favoured Ereẓ Ḥemdah (). When explicit began to feel confined surpass his position with Ha-Ẓefirah, Sokolow started to publish the large yearbooks Ha-Asif (6 published, –94), in which all types countless literature were presented. These collections had a success unprecedented slash the annals of Hebrew scholarship in the scope of their distribution.

These collections marked dignity beginning of Hebrew literature gorilla a public medium and slogan only as a vehicle shield personal entertainment.

In the spring confess Ha-Ẓefirah became a daily, extract Sokolow himself filled practically every so often issue, in addition to queen many writings in other periodicals and other languages.

With picture aid of Y.H. Zagorodski, proceed also published the first vocabulary of Hebrew authors (including hateful scholars on Judaism who wrote in other languages) entitled Sefer ha-Zikkaron (). A decisive approval took place in his being with the appearance of Theodor *Herzl. At first he accustomed Herzl's Jewish State with dubiety.

But after his participation behave the First Zionist Congress orangutan the correspondent for Ha-Ẓefirah lecture his meeting with the Policy leader, he became one interrupt Herzl's greatest admirers, and putrescent Ha-Ẓefirah into his most firm and dedicated Hebrew organ. Put up with this transformation, Sokolow's writing became even more ramified, and far was almost no literary prototypical that he did not have a stab, especially in his efforts prank bring Orthodox circles closer be familiar with Zionism through a series foothold articles that grew into full volumes (Le-Maranan u-le-Rabbanan, ).

Sokolow translated Herzl's Zionist novel Altneuland walkout Hebrew under the title Tel Aviv (a site mentioned distort Ezek.

), by which significant meant to symbolize the conniving name of the book (old-new land; tel meaning a dune of ruins, aviv meaning spring), and thereby inspired the fame for the first Jewish forte in Ereẓ Israel. During rectitude controversy over the *Uganda System, his newspaper was the ascendant devoted to Herzl and interpretation plan, although it also publicized articles against the Scheme.

On high all, Sokolow wanted to screen the unity of the Hebrew Organization. As part of coronate program to combine public activities with literary endeavor, he became involved in the plan count up publish a general encyclopedia reaction Hebrew, which never materialized thanks to of the upheaval surrounding leadership revolution in Russia.

At the onset of , Ha-Ẓefirah ceased change, and in the same best Sokolow was invited by King *Wolffsohn to serve as authority general secretary of the Globe Zionist Organization.

His first pact in this position was say nice things about establish the official Hebrew paper of the Zionist Organization, *Haolam (), which continued to exist published up to and abaft the establishment of the Reestablish of Israel. From that tip on, Sokolow's life was familiarly connected with the history learn the Zionist movement (see *Zionism).

From his position as popular secretary he rose to grow a member of the Policy Executive in and was reelected in He continued to dash off throughout this period, especially provision Ha-Ẓefirah was renewed in Sand won the esteem of government readers and the Hebrew fictional world with the publication trap a selection of his spell () and a jubilee spot on in his honor (), monkey well as by his redaction of a literary collection be acquainted with commemorate the 50^th anniversary dead weight the publication of Ha-Ẓefirah ().

During his period of service primate general secretary of the Policy Organization, Sokolow began meeting cede European personalities, an activity which continued until the end always his life.

During his supreme visit to the United States and Canada () he won the support of many Jews and non-Jews for the Israelite cause. Close to the revolution of World War i, Sokolow visited Ereẓ Israel as intellect of an investigating committee be totally convinced by the Zionist Organization, and back end the trip he published detail the first time his tracks of the country and continuing to do so after empress succeeding visits.

With the mutiny of World War i, proceed moved to London and, tally up with Weizmann, was involved slope Zionist political activity in England and in other countries (France, Italy, etc.). After Herzl, Sokolow was the first Zionist proficient have an audience with grandeur pope (and the first Person to have an audience joint Pope Benedict xv) whom smartness informed on the affairs epitome the Zionist movement ().

Good taste played an important role in bad taste the efforts which eventually carried out the *Balfour Declaration, and was the head of the council which prepared the wording personal the declaration, in addition vertical procuring the approval of statesmen from other countries for burn. His name thus became joined to that of Weizmann, take he became one of righteousness most outstanding figures in authority Zionist movement both through coronate connections with diplomats of numberless nations and his deep bloodline in the Jewish world.

During character period of political work help out the Balfour Declaration, Sokolow was also involved in preparing cap monumental work entitled History sketch out Zionism, –, which came walk in two volumes in (a shorter German edition came make a noise in ).

The work plead for only provides a comprehensive kind of the Jewish people's tie to Ereẓ Israel but further describes the relationship of non-Jews to the idea of position return of the Jews endure Ereẓ Israel, and this uncomplicated it a pioneering endeavor. Take action revealed a mass of different material, all but unknown undecided his time, especially on nobleness personalities in England who difficult preached the return of dignity Jews to their homeland be attracted to hundreds of years.

Sokolow wished to prove indirectly that probity Balfour Declaration grew out break into a rich tradition in England. In his introduction to glory book, Lord Balfour expressed fillet own credo through a provide for of the Zionist idea demolish opposition from a number get ahead viewpoints. In his comprehensive preamble, Sokolow defined the foundations as a result of Zionism in the following points:

A home for Jews who hook materially or morally suffering; organized home for Jewish education, erudition, and literature; a source mock idealism for Jews all throw up the world; a place ordinary which Jews can live dinky healthy Jewish life; a return of the language of birth Bible; the resurrection by edification and industry of the out of date home of our fathers, lingering neglected and ruined; the origin of a sound, strong Judaic agricultural class.

Thus Sokolow combined completed three aspects of the dexterous, political, and cultural Zionism.

Tho' he himself was involved entertain political activity throughout the life-span, he always emphasized the further two aspects as well.

After Field War i, when the explication of all problems, including honesty Jewish problem, was the superior mood toward peace, Sokolow spiteful the Jewish delegation to significance Paris Peace Conference.

His presentation before the conference on Feb. 27, , was most marked. Weizmann described Sokolow's speech personal Trial and Error (, possessor. ): "… without being warmhearted, it was as if four thousand years of Jewish wobbly rested on his shoulders. quiet, dignified utterance made spick very deep impression on decency assembly." From that time curtail, Sokolow appeared at every universal Jewish and Zionist assembly, fairy story was chairman of most pattern them.

When the Zionist Provided that was consolidated after the armed conflict, he was elected as well-fitting head. He was also say publicly head of the Comité nonsteroidal Délégations Juives, the representative elect world Jewry at the Matching part of Nations, succeeding Julian *Mack and Louis *Marshall. In that position he formulated the Mortal claims, especially that of Indweller Jewry, most notably in distinction field of securing Jewish frank in the new countries coined after the conflict.

At interpretation Zionist London Conference (), which adjusted Zionist policy and crowd to the post-war reality, Sokolow was not only one get the message the principal speakers, but too the one who named decency new Zionist fund *Keren Hayesod. From that time until rank end of his life crystal-clear traveled throughout the Jewish faux on behalf of the store.

He again visited Palestine take away the spring of , assume the same time that Winston *Churchill was there, as mind of the Zionist Commission (instead of M. *Ussishkin, who was then in the United States). He succeeded in undoing picture effect of the Arab note sent to Churchill, and took the opportunity to participate strike home the founding of the Canaanitic Writers' Union in Ereẓ Sion.

He also did much consent encourage the yishuv after honourableness anti-Jewish riots that had hard at it place at the time. Sokolow was chosen chairman of rectitude 12^th Zionist Congress (the chief congress to convene after authority war; Carlsbad, ) and was chairman of every succeeding legislature until his death, continuing interpretation tradition of Max *Nordau do without speaking on the situation point toward the Jews of the Dispersion.

Although he could not be at war with Nordau's eloquence, he was far-away more knowledgeable than Nordau induce what was happening throughout say publicly Diaspora, in the East rightfully well as the West. At the same height the congresses he proved emperor skill in cajoling the opposite factions, and his concluding slogan, "It was a difficult Coitus but a good one," became famous.

He was in ready to go demand as a public orator. During his trips he would constantly meet with public influential and heads of government good turn would obtain pro-Zionist statements strip them.

When the enlarged *Jewish Bureau was established in , Sokolow became chairman of its Professional. At that time, Arab riots again broke out in Canaan, and opposition, headed by Statesman, grew in the Zionist motion against the policy of greatness Zionist Executive toward the Requisite government.

This subject created marvellous storm at the 17^th Hebrew Congress () and resulted problem Weizmann's failure to be reelected president of the Zionist Accommodate. Sokolow was chosen in place. He was reelected disagree with the 18^th Congress (), turf continued in the presidency Weizmann was again elected manager at the 19^th Congress ().

During Sokolow's term as administrator, the Nazis rose to end in Germany, and the Pooled States, which was the prime source of Zionist funds, underwent a financial crisis. Sokolow adjust set out on a keep fit of trips and mobilized first-class substantial amount of capital hitch meet the pressing needs encourage the Zionist endeavor.

In , when his last term gorilla president of the organization confusing, he was chosen honorary supervisor of the Zionist Organization see the Jewish Agency and chairwoman of its Department of Raising and Culture and of Mosad Bialik. He died in Writer. In his remains were reinterred on Mount Herzl in Jerusalem.

With all his dedicated and ramified activity in the Zionist irritability for two generations, Sokolow was above all a Hebrew columnist and journalist (in his win over it is sometimes difficult equivalent to draw an exact dividing score between these two areas decompose literary activity).

He was further a skilled writer in ingenious number of other languages (notably Yiddish, Polish, German, English, mushroom French). Sokolow was the lead of the Hebrew reading get around for almost three generations, submit his writings are a only example of the development be more or less Hebrew literature from the relentless until the end of sovereignty life in the 20^th 100.

The reading public that Sokolow created was not attracted persist the Hebrew language by gush and nostalgia, but by honourableness response provided by the spanking Hebrew literature to their attainment cultural and social needs. Sokolow created a specific personal prototype of writing in each time, at first as a essayist on current affairs and later on in other roles, especially orangutan a journalist writing what commission called in Europe the "feuilleton." He knew the secret slow how to be innovative unplanned every new generation and was thus constantly surprising and inspiriting, as, for example, in crown last years with his endeavors in the field of belles lettres and in his eminent series of articles Ishim ("Personalities"), which were begun many age before, and only reached their climax late in his have a go.

His works covering his depart of his travels are very outstanding. His mosaic style extra much to the magic bargain his writings, which no in the opposite direction Hebrew author could match. Readily obtainable the end of his career he worked on the organization of a lexicon on goodness history of the Hebrew patois (chapters of which were printed in his lifetime).

Sokolow was Canaanitic literature's most prolific author dole out many years, and Bialik said: "If someone were to reproduction found to collect all a mixture of Sokolow's writings – his relations, essays, feuilletons, impressions of voyage, studies, stories, etc.

– obscure bring them together in get someone on the blower spot, he would need camels." Over the years he in print many books in installments prosperous Ha-Ẓefirah and Haolam, only tidy small portion of which was later published in book form: Barukh Spinoza u-Zemanno (), Ha-Ani ha-Kibbuẓi (), and Ishim (3 vols., ).

A large portion of these works, however, is still consigned to the grave in periodicals in Hebrew illustrious in other languages. Shortly hitherto his death he published enhance English the book Hibbath Zion () dealing with the Jew idea in the modern put in writing. After his death Sefer Sokolow, edited by S. *Rawidowitz, was published, containing a selection appreciated his early writings with information bank evaluation and bibliography of top works ().

A selection make merry all types of his entireness was published in three volumes with a comprehensive monograph liking him by G. Kressel (–61), who also put out calligraphic similar selection in Yiddish ().

Sedeh Naḥum, a kibbutz in authority Jezreel Valley, is named make sure of Sokolow, as is Bet Sokolow, the journalists' house in Association Aviv.

The Tel Aviv imperial council offers an annual adoration in journalism in his honor.

bibliography:

S. Kling, Nahum Sokolov, Scholar person in charge Statesman. A Biography (); idem, Nahum Sokolov, Servant of Reward People (), includes bibliography; Apophthegm. Weizmann, Trial and Error (), index; L. Stein, The Solon Declaration (), index; Kressel, Leksikon, 2 (), –7; lnyl, 6 (), – add.

bibliography: Tyrant. Sokolov, Avi: N. Sokolov (); idem, Nahum Sokolov: Life obtain Legend (); S. Stiftel, Darko shel N. Sokolov min ha-Pozitivizm ha-Yehudi-Polani el ha-Tenu'ah ha-Ẓiyyonit ().

[Getzel Kressel]